
The electricity sector in Venezuela is heavily dependent on hydroelectricity, which accounted for 64% of the nation's electricity generation in 2021. Besides hydroelectric power, Venezuela also relies on and , contributing 25% and 11%, respectively, to the total electricity output that year. The country operates six hydroelectric plants, totaling a capacity of 16,010 megawatts (MW), with the Central Hidroeléctrica Guri in being the most significant, acco. . Le secteur de l'énergie au Venezuela est dominé par le qui fournit 68 % de la production d' et 33 % de la consommation d'énergie primaire du pays en 2021, et le : 21 % de la production et 42 % de la consommation ; l' couvre 24 % de la consommation. Le Venezuela dispose de vastes réserves de pétrole, les plus importantes au. [pdf]
In this paper, the collapse of Venezuela’s electricity system is analyzed. Two well-known recovery plans, the Venezuelan Electricity Sector Recovery Plan (VESRP) and the Country Plan Electricity (CPE), are described in detail, and their challenges are discussed in the context of the energy transition paradigm.
Since 2009, there have been no official statistics on the electricity and energy sectors. Since the end of the 19th century, the production of electricity has been steadily growing in Venezuela. In between, there were some jolts due to prolonged droughts associated with the El Niño phenomenon.
Electricity in Venezuela is predominantly produced from hydroelectricity . Venezuela ranked 11th in the world for oil production in 2016; production has since fallen steeply. The largest oil company is Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA). Oil fields in the country include Bolivar Coastal Field, Boscán Field, Maracaibo Basin and Orinoco Belt .
Since 2013, Venezuela has been confronting a profound political, social, and economic crisis with a strong negative impact on the country’s energy sector. The crisis has severely affected the production of oil, natural gas, fuels, and electricity (Monaldi et al., 2021).
As of April 2022, Venezuela's electrical grid was said to be operating at 20% of capacity, with actual generation running 6 GW to 10 GW short of the country's needs, and an estimated investment of US$12 to 15 billion required to restore the system to normal operating conditions.
Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA) purchased 82% of the shares of ELECAR. As a result of this and other counter-reforms, private participation in the generation subsector fell from 44% to 0%, and in distribution from 45% to 0% between 1970 and 2010 (Balza et al., 2020).

In 2023, Venezuela held 195 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of reserves, making up 73% of 's total. Most of this gas is associated with crude oil, with 80% produced as a . Despite these vast reserves, much of Venezuela's natural gas is underutilized, used to support mature oil fields or flared due to inadequate infrastructure. Production peaked at 1.12 Tcf in 2001 but fell to 563 billion cubic feet (Bcf) by 2021, hampered by poor investment and lack of. [pdf]
Venezuela relies heavily on domestic production of fossil fuels, with oil and natural gas comprising approximately 90% of the country's total energy supply. Hydro power also plays a key role in electricity generation, accounting for roughly half of installed capacity.
of electric energy per year. Per capita this is an average of 2,769 kWh. Venezuela can completely be self-sufficient with domestically produced energy. The total production of all electric energy producing facilities is 105 bn kWh, also 135 percent of own requirements.
In comparison to oil and natural gas, coal plays a minor role in Venezuela’s energy mix, accounting for 0.2% of total energy production and 0.1% of total energy consumption. Venezuela's coal industry has faced challenges such as outdated infrastructure and limited investment, which has affected production.
Venezuela's restrictive economic policies (Figure 3) have resulted in a decrease in inflation-adjusted GDP per capita, which has led to a decrease in energy consumption (Figure 4). Venezuela has the refining capacity to meet its domestic demand, but the country’s refineries are in poor condition.
Venezuela’s energy sector has lost much of its capacity to collect and use natural gas, preferring instead to burn it off. Venezuela’s government regulates natural gas prices, and concerns exist about the pricing structure and regulations for this market.
As of April 2022, Venezuela's electrical grid was said to be operating at 20% of capacity, with actual generation running 6 GW to 10 GW short of the country's needs, and an estimated investment of US$12 to 15 billion required to restore the system to normal operating conditions.

The 2023-2024 Ecuador electricity crisis was caused by a severe that depleted water levels at plants and a lack of capacity buildup. experienced for up to 14 hours per day in the fall crisis (started on 23 September 2024 ) of 2024. Researches describe fall 2023 (27 October–18 December 2023) and spring 2024 (16–30 April 2024) crises as separate events. The had announced on 10 December, 202. [pdf]
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